the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate

A) the other-gender effect.B) scapegoating.C) hindsight bias.D) unconscious patronization. Describe the "Robbers Cave" study and discuss the implications of this research to develop prejudice between groups as well as to aid with overcoming prejudice between the same two groups: The study was conducted by Muzafer Sherif and it helped clarify the conditions that produce intergroup conflict and harmony. just-word hypothesis. The boys were randomly assigned to two groups. Social Psychology investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate . This classic cognitive bias is a staple of behavioral economics and speaks to the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate our own ability in having predicted an outcome. B)the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. 260. b.the tendency to take credit for our successes by attributing them to internal personal causes. Identify and explain the factors in Mailgram's experiment that promoted continued obedience on the "subjects": (1) A previously well-established mental framework to obey. a. a measure of central tendency Behaviorism was characterized by: a. the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior b. a narrow focus upon the consciousness and conscious experience c. a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth The American social psychologist who is best known for his controversial series of studies investigating destructive obedience to an authority is: answer Stanley Milgram. in-groups and out-groups in forming stereotypes: Prejudice: A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group. Thus, the subjects could believe that they were not responsible for the consequences of their actions. c. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". Stereotypes are based on the assumption that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. if you were a subject in Milgram's original obedience experiment, it is very likely that: you would play the role of the teacher and get to shock the learner. C) hindsight bias. Test Prep. Stereotypes are closely related to another tendency in person perception. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. First is our desire to be liked and accepted by the group, which is referred to as normative social influence. All Rights Reserved. Other researchers joined the effort to understand what factors influence a person's decision to help another. Second, punishment was depersonalized: The subject simply pushed a switch on the shock generator. Thinking in this way also helped reduce any cognitive dissonance the soldiers might have been experiencing by justifying the aggression. Suppose that currency in circulation is $600 billion, the amount of checkable deposits is$900 billion, and excess reserves are $15 billion. When police finally found her and the details of her captivity were widely publicized, some observers publicly questioned why the girl never tried to escape or get the attention of the police. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". b. British monetary authorities announce that they feel the pound has been driven too low by currency speculators relative to the dollar. Explore our library and get Introductory Psychology Homework Help with various study sets and a huge amount of quizzes and questions, Find all the solutions to your textbooks, reveal answers you wouldt find elsewhere, Scan any paper and upload it to find exam solutions and many more, Studying is made a lot easier and more fun with our online flashcards, Try out our new practice tests completely, 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study? Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. "It was bound to happen," he said. All these factors predisposed the subjects to trust and respect the experimenter's authority. Sherif successfully demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome. White Hennessy In Atlanta, A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or . , knows what I want by now."b. This is called the just-world hypothesis. In Exercises 313131 through 343434, determine the period p, the amplitude bbb, the phase shift ddd, and the vertical shift a of the given trigonometric function f(t)f(t)f(t). Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. Wikipedia explains hindsight bias as: "Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. In the case of blaming the victim, hindsight bias makes it seem as if the victim should have been able to predictand preventwhat happened. this example illustrates: When Yoshiko's hard work and ability landed a big contract for her company, she would not accept the credit, insisting it was pure luck. Officials in the administration of the U.S. government announce that they are comfortable with a rising euro relative to the dollar. Balkan Blue Lightning Unit Removed, d. During the financial crisis in 2008, the Federal Reserve began injecting the banking system with massive amounts of liquidity, and at the same time, very little lending occurred. Having volunteered to participate in a experiment, Milgram's subjects arrived at the lab with the mental expectation that they would obediently follow the directions of the person in chargethe experimenter. Self-Serving Bias: Define the terms attribution and the fundamental attribution error. Because individualistic cultures tend to emphasize independence, self-expression, and standing out from the crowd, the whole notion of conformity tends to carry a negative connotation while it does not in collectivistic cultures. Group of answer choices. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. But when your behavior cannot be easily justified, how can you resolve the contradiction and eliminate the unpleasant state of dissonance? a. Explain role of physical appearance cues and in particular physical attractiveness impact person perception and social categorization: Physical appearance cues play an important role in person perception and social categorization. Realizing that mere contact between black and white children was not dissipating tension and prejudice, Aronson reasoned that perhaps the competitive schoolroom atmosphere was partly at fault. We're more likely to help people who are in need of help through no fault of their own, (5) Knowing how to help. It was bound to happen, he said. the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors . Multiple elements combined to create the conditions for brutality, including in-group versus out-group thinking, negative stereotypes, dehumanization, and prejudice. They found participants rarely had accurate expectations of benefits and harms, and for many interventions, they had a tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. What is the difference between gerrymandering and Redistricting? When prejudice is displayed behaviorally it is called: answer attitude People who know the outcome of an event tend to overestimate their own prior knowledge or others' nave knowledge of the event. Categorizing the prisoners in this way allowed the guards to dehumanize the detainees, who were seen as subhuman. B ) fundamental attribution bias ; just - world hypothesis. Stereotype Threat: is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. Only his voice could be heard. B) after an event has occurred to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. actor-observer bias social norms. The results of this survey showed: all the groups were wrong in their predictions. The tendency to assume higher competence among more-attractive people is a good example. [Critical Thinking]: Identify the social and psychological factors that contributed to abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib Prison. the taylor rule for the federal funds rate implies that the central bank is concerned with. The "knew-it-all-along" effect, as it is also known, allows us to believe that we predicted something correctly, when in fact we did not. For each of the following scenarios, assess the impact the announcement would have on an American importer foreign country: a. He asked each group to predict how subjects would behave. The three components are as follows: (1) a cognitive component: your thoughts and conclusions about a given topic or object, (2) an emotional or affective component, and (3) a behavioral component, in which attitudes are reflected in action. The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly, Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on, The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are, People who have low MAOA gene expression have been identified as those who are, The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, sometimes called the warrior gene, When a leader of a caged monkey colony became threatening, one small monkey, learned to push the control button, which reduced this behavior by activating the. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called A) ingroup bias. "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. The tendency, after an event has occurred to think the outcome was predictable. c. Suppose the central bank conducts the same open market purchase as in part (b), except that banks choose to hold all of these proceeds as excess reserves rather than loan them out, due to fear of a financial crisis. Such responses illustrate an attributional pattern called: the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Hindsight bias: the tendency, after an event has occurred, to unjustifiably see the event as having been predictable. Milgram's first obedience study was conducted with 40 male subjects. Blaming the victim reflects the belief that, because the world is just, the victim must have done something to deserve his or her fate. The situations in which we interact with people also affect attraction. Define attitude and list and explain the 3 identified components of an attitude: Attitude is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or mixed. When we're uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information, which is called informational social influence. b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. a strong need to believe . Define obedience, and explain the results of Milgram's obedience experiments: Obedience is the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. They also accepted compensation on their arrival, which may have increased their sense of having made a commitment to cooperate with the experimenter. The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: Yosser Hughes I'm Desperate Dan, Basic Guiding Principals of Perception: (1) Your reactions to others are determined by your perceptions of them, not by who they really are, (2) Your self-perception also influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions, (3) Your goals in a particular situation determine the amount and kinds of information you collect about others, and (4) In every situation, you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act. What is implied by stimulus generalization? Dubbed the jigsaw classroom technique, this approach brought together students in small, ethnically diverse groups to work on a mutual project.
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